By Merdies Hayes, Our Weekly
The history of slavery in the Western Hemisphere has, of course, been well documented but
there is one name that is often overlooked in within the posterity of Black people in the New
World: Estevanico.
Sometimes called “Mustafa Zemmouri,” “Black Stephen,” “Esteban the Moor” or “Steven
Dorantes” (after his owner Andres Dorantes, a Spanish nobleman), Estevanico was a member
of the Panfilo de Narvaez 300-man Spanish expedition which arrived in April 1528 near present-
day Tampa Bay, Fla. The expedition was largely doomed from the start. This was not
uncommon among the list of Spanish conquistadors who ventured to the New World seeking
fertile land and untold riches imagined from the artful tales of Giovanni Verrazano who explored
the northeast, Cabeza de Vaca in the Gulf of Mexico, Hernando Cortes in Mexico, Hernando de
Soto near present-day Florida, and Francisco Pizarro far south in Peru.
Who was Estevanico?
Chroniclers from the 16th Century, who were contemporaries of Estevanico, considered him a
Negro. However, modern historians claim he was descended from the Hamites who were White
residents of North Africa. According to this theory, Estevanico could not have been Black.
Historian Caroll L. Riley has asserted that Estevanico was “Black in the sense that we would
use the word in modern America. Actually, in modern generic terms I suspect that Estevanico
was very mixed.”
Riley also explained that if Estevanico was considered a “Negro,” his mixture must have been
mainly Black. Estevanico in 1513 was sold into slavery to the Portuguese in the town of
Azemmour, a Portuguese enclave on Morocco’s Atlantic coast. More contemporary accounts
have referred to him as an “Arabized Black” or Moor, the latter term often used for Berber
natives. History primarily refers to him as a Black African. A Spaniard, Diego de Guzman,
reportedly saw Estevanico in 1536 and described him as “brown.”
Estevanico was reared as a Muslim—with some accounts of him converting to Roman
Catholicism—but there is little historical account of his religious conversion.
The natives of one tiny island off the mainland coast (Galveston Island near Texas),
encountered a strange sight in 1528: A band of emaciated White men lying naked and near
dead on the beach. This group, in large part, was what was left from Narvaez’ expedition with
de Vaca serving as its treasurer. Narvaez dreamed of riches when he reached the Florida coast
and after finding mere traces of gold, he split the group and dispatched the ships toward the
River of Palms (today’s Rio Grande) and took the land force toward a reportedly “rich” city
brimming with gold and silver called Apalachen (near Tallahassee, Fla.).
A doomed expedition
Instead of finding their heart’s desire in wealth, the only things encountered in the Florida
Panhandle were naked Native Indians, low supplies of food and even less game. The 260-man
party lasted two weeks in this region, and eventually set out on makeshift boats with sails made
from clothing. This was a fateful mistake. There was practically no food left or fresh water to
drink. After constantly bailing water from their rickety crafts (and forced to drink salt water), only
a few people survived and made it to shore. Narvaez was lost at sea.
Cortes, for his part, had listened faithfully to these “tales of riches” but found neither a queen
called “Califia” nor gold and pearls along the west coast. He did, however, step ashore onto
what he believed to be an island (Baja California) finding neither riches or fertile land, but would
claim the land for the Spanish crown.
Cabeza de Vaca eventually made it to Mexico with only three men, among them Estevanico.
There they recounted the horrors of slavery, starvation, cannibalism and disease which took the
lives of 90 men. They reportedly posed as shamans, crossing the land curing sick Indians and
attracting quite a following in being labeled “children of the sun” because of their long journey
from the east. By the spring of 1529, those four men had traveled on foot along the Texas coast
to the environs of Matagorda Bay (about 80 miles northeast of Corpus Christi) only to be
captured and enslaved by the Coahuiltecan Indians. Six years later the four men managed to
escape their bondage and entered Mexico.
Arriving in Texas
Estevanico was assuredly the first African to traverse Texas. In fact, historians believe he was
the first African to visit the indigenous people of Mexico and may have reminded the inhabitants
of the ancient sculptures of the Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica (1200-900 B.C.) which
depicted persons with Black facial features. Estevanico, by extension, may have been
considered by the native population as a descendant of the gods. Some writers have claimed
that the Olmecs were related to the peoples of Africa, based primarily on their interpretations of
said facial features, even contending that epigraphical and osteological evidence may support
their claims. Further, some researchers have claimed that the Mesoamerican writing systems
are related to African script. To date, however, genetic and immunological studies over the
decades have failed to yield evidence of precolumbian African contributions to the indigenous
populations of the Americas.
By 1539, Dorantes had either sold or loaned Estevanico to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, who
later assigned him to the company of Fray Marcos de Niza, the latter charged with leading a
follow-up trip to the region of the failed Narvaez expedition. In a strange coincidence,
Estevanico and others were surprised to encounter de Vaca near present-day San Antonio,
Texas. By then, de Vaca had been working as a trader among the various Native Indian tribes.
They resided in that region for about four years with Estevanico working as a shaman or
medicine man versed in several Native Indian languages and also demonstrating his prowess
as a seasoned explorer.
Estevanico must have been a strange sight to the native peoples. He rode around with a special
gourd trimmed with owl feathers that signified his status. He reportedly had an entourage of
some 300 natives, kept two Castillian greyhounds as pets, and possessed a special “medicine”
wand with bells affixed to it said to ward off (and supposedly cure) various diseases. He also
carried with him special plates made of turquoise specifically for his meals. He even had a
special lodging constructed fit for a man of his stature.
Dreams of untold riches
Like the others before him, Estevanico was consumed by discovering the Seven Cities of Gold.
His ultimate goal was to reach one of the seven famed cities of Cibola (near modern Zuni, NM)
which was said to have streets paved with gold. When Estevanico and his entourage arrived at
Hawikuh, a Zuni pueblo made of stone buildings several stories high, he expected to be treated
as the man of stature he’d become accustomed to.
But the Zuni’s didn’t trust him. They especially disapproved of his gourd covered with owl
feathers which were a symbol of death to that tribe. Also, his rather unusual stories about great
White kings from far away further drew suspicion among the Zuni tribal leaders. There are two
general accounts surrounding the fate of Estevanico. In one scenario, the Zuni people decided
he was a spy (or simply a fraud) and killed him. Some accounts contend that he offended the
Zuni people so much that they staged three executions eventually cutting up his body into little
pieces. A second theory is that the Zunis didn’t kill him and that Estevanico staged his own
death with the help of his allies, therefore finally gaining his freedom from slavery. The latter
theory is supported by the fact that his body was never found.
His mysterious demise
The Zunis were asked why they killed Estevanico and they said that he claimed a huge army
was following him with weapons meant to kill their tribe. Several of his Native Indian escorts
reportedly escaped from the Zunis and returned to Mexico to inform Fray Marcos that
Estevanico was dead. In his report to Viceroy Mendoza, Marcos said that he continued to travel
north to at last enter Cibola (or Hawikuh) and upon arrival he witnessed a chief with
Estevanico’s turquoise dinner plates, his two greyhound dogs, and his famed “medicine” bells.
Irrespective of his demise, Estevanico is one of many historical figures of color who manipulated
their situation to move between cultures and transcend their humble beginnings. His is a true
story of transformation from a slave to a man of legend evidenced by the Zunis memorializing
him in a black ogre kachina (a doll measuring about a foot high with protruding teeth, a black
goatee and black facial paint) which they called Chakwaina.
A legendary adventure
The tale of Estevanico is more than a story told in the oral tradition. Often, the history and
contributions to society by Black persons prior to European settlement in the New World are
considered less authentic and reliable in terms of literary content because it was believed
Blacks did not ascribe to a written language. Estevanico did not write a diary or narrative of his
exploits.
However, two small thin volumes of literature provide a wealth of information about this early
explorer. John Upton Terrell published “Estevanico The Black” in 1968 and at only 115 pages, it
ranks as one of the most informative books about an extraordinary figure who doesn’t always
receive due attention in secondary education. In 1974, “Estebanico” was issued by Helen Rand
Parish. Even smaller than Terrell’s book at 128 pages, she wrote that Estevanico could be
considered “new historical history” particularly for young readers.
Also, “The Moor’s Account” by Laila Lalami (2015) provides a more fictional account of
Estevanico. The author created her own back story about the events that led up to his
enslavement and then fills in gaps of what we know about the Narvaez expedition that would
eventually place Estevancio’s name in the history books.
No one knows where Estevanico is buried. Hawikuh no longer exists, having been abandoned
in 1670 following a series of wars the Zunis fought against the Spaniards and the Apache. But
Estevanico’s story, recorded in colorful detail by his fellow explorers Cabeza de Vaca, Fray
Marcos, Coronado, and Pedro de Casteneda, endures as one of the great adventures in
American lore.
As part of Black History Month, celebrated every February, the US Embassy in Morocco has
commemorated Mustafa Zemmouri, known as Estevanico or Estevan the Moor. Zemmouri is
believed to be the first Moroccan to ever set foot in America.